Today's New Reason To Believe Archives

August 2005

Today’s New Reason To Believe-Wednesday, August 31, 2005
Refutation of Young-Earth Geomagnetic Models

  • A team of Swiss and American paleoclimatologists and particle physicists have developed a powerful refutation of young-earth creationist models for the past history of Earth’s magnetic field. The higher the intensity of Earth’s magnetic field, the stronger the deflection of primary cosmic rays and, consequently, the fewer cosmogenic radionuclides that are produced. Using measures of the cosmogenic radionuclides beryllium-10, chlorine-36, and carbon-14 determined from the GRIP Greenland ice core, the team established that the intensity of Earth’s magnetic field reached maxima at 2,000, 8,500, 22,000, 30,000, and 48,000 years ago. Their results show that over the past 35,000 years Earth’s magnetic field intensity has stayed within the range of one-half to twice its present value. Such results refute young-earth creationist claims that the presently precipitous decay of Earth’s magnetic field strength proves that Earth must be younger than 20,000 years or that Earth’s magnetic field intensity experienced dramatic oscillations during the flood of Noah.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Tuesday, August 30, 2005
Complexity of Earth’s First Life

  • A new study bolsters RTB’s biblical creation model by providing evidence for life’s sudden and early appearance on Earth. Scientists have understood Earth’s first life to be morphologically simple, yet metabolically complex. For example, sulfide deposits in rocks that date between 3.3--3.5 billion years in age indicate that chemoautotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria were present on early Earth. New research provides insight into the extensive complexity of Earth’s first life. Researchers sequenced the genome of a thermoacidophilic archeabacterium, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a single-celled organism thought to be representative of some of Earth’s first life forms. They discovered that approximately 2,292 genes make up its genome-quite complex for a single-celled microbe. The rapid appearance of such complex metabolic forms of life so rapidly after the Earth became suitable for life defies a naturalistic explanation. However, a biblical creation model explains such data as the work of a Creator who supernaturally intervened to make the first life forms on Earth.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Monday, August 29, 2005
Rarity of Planets in Open Star Clusters

  • Astronomers from Harvard and Purdue Universities have found more evidence that points to the supernatural design of the solar system for the support of life. They performed the most sensitive survey to date for transiting planets in an open star cluster. The star cluster they searched, NGC 6791, is heavily populated with stars and is very metal-rich (more than twice the density of metals manifested in the sun). The team’s survey should have produced 1.5 unambiguous detections of planets if indeed NGC 6791 is as planet-rich as the metal-rich stars within 100 light years of Earth. Their survey produced zero detections. Thus, there may be more factors besides metallicity that determine whether or not a star possesses planets. And astronomers’ current estimate that 2% of all Milky Way Galaxy stars possess planets may need to be adjusted downward.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Sunday, August 28, 2005
More Evidence for Early Life on Earth

  • New research has authenticated ancient fossils that provide evidence for life’s sudden appearance early in Earth’s history. A host of disparate evidences indicates that life appeared suddenly on Earth around 3.8 billion years ago and that this first life was metabolically complex. Chief pieces of evidence toward this end are the Apex fossils of cyanobacteria recovered in rock formations that date to older than 3.5 billion years in age. Some origin-of-life researchers have disputed the bioauthenticity of these fossils, claiming that they are inorganic frauds. This new study provides additional support for the biogenic origin of the Apex fossils and accounts for some of the features that researchers had questioned. The rapid appearance of complex metabolic forms of life so rapidly after the earth became suitable for life defies a naturalistic explanation. However, this fact finds ready explanation in a creation model that describes how a Creator supernaturally intervened to make the first life forms on Earth.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Saturday, August 27, 2005
Climate to Orbital Eccentricity Variation Link

  • A team of American and European geologists and geophysicists has uncovered more evidence for the supernatural design of the masses and orbits of the solar system planets and for the moon for the benefit of advanced life. The team discovered that two of the most dramatic warming events during the past 100 million years correspond to maxima in the 405,000-year and 100,000-year eccentricity (ellipticity) cycles in Earth’s orbit that follow right after the prolonged minima in the 2.25-million-year eccentricity cycle. This discovery demonstrates that even very tiny changes in the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit can trigger dramatic events in deep-sea circulation, leading to methane-hydrate release that causes a huge warming spike in Earth’s climate. Thus, for advanced life to be possible on Earth the factors affecting changes in Earth’s eccentricity must all be exquisitely fine-tuned. These include the masses, orbital radii, orbital inclinations, and orbital eccentricities of the eight other solar system planets and the moon, plus any variations in their orbital inclinations and eccentricities. Even with such extraordinary fine-tuning, the timing of humanity’s arrival must also be fine-tuned for the human species to achieve a global high-technology civilization.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Friday, August 26, 2005
Skeletal Differences Distinguish Neanderthals from Humans

  • Another recent study confirms RTB’s creation model prediction that humans and Neanderthals should be morphologically distinct from one another. Researchers performed the first-ever total reconstruction of the Neanderthal skeleton. This reconstruction indicates that the Neanderthal rib cage and pelvis were dramatically different from those of modern humans. Also, Neanderthals were much shorter in stature. Based on these anatomical differences, investigators conclude once again that Neanderthals and ancient modern humans were morphologically, and hence, evolutionarily distinct. The scientific evidence continues to distinguish modern humans from Neanderthals, as RTB’s explanation for the hominid fossil record predicts.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Thursday, August 25, 2005
Martian Water and the Possibility of Martian Life

Today’s New Reason To Believe-Wednesday, August 24, 2005
More Chemical Problems for the Origin of Life

  • New research highlights one of the myriad problems that face evolutionary origin-of-life scenarios. For life to have arisen by naturalistic means, researchers need to demonstrate that life’s building blocks can be produced under conditions of early Earth. As a case in point, a chemical pathway to generate the nucleobase, adenine, must effectively operate on the early Earth. Earlier research had indicated that adenine can be produced by hydrolyzing the polymers formed in concentrated ammonium cyanide solutions. However, new research indicates that the adenine liberated from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) polymers under acidic conditions is destroyed by the same conditions that produce it! This work demonstrates that adenine liberated from HCN polymers is stable only under highly specific pH conditions, and it is uncertain whether these conditions existed on the early Earth. Thus, naturalistic origin-of-life researchers struggle to demonstrate robust, relevant chemical pathways that could produce life’s building blocks on early Earth.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Tuesday, August 23, 2005
Using Globular Clusters in M31 to Test Creation

  • A team of American and Italian astronomers has buttressed several linchpins for the biblically predicted big bang creation model and for several of the cosmic features that give evidence for supernatural design. These linchpins are the distances to both the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the ages of the oldest globular clusters in M31. The team performed the most extensive and precise photometric measurements to date on 10 different globular star clusters in M31. Their measurements are consistent with a model of the universe continuously expanding from a cosmic creation event about 13.7 billion years ago and a distance to the LMC of 167,300 light years. These measures provide even more certainty that the big bang creation model is correct and that a superintelligent, supernatural Creator designed the universe for the benefit of life, and humans in particular.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Monday, August 22, 2005
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Offer Hope

  • Another alternative to embryonic stem cell research (ESCR) may help end the often rancorous public debate over stem cells. New research indicates that bone marrow stromal cells, which are easy to isolate and rapidly expand in number, can be induced into skeletal muscle cells. These cells form muscle fibers when implanted into degenerated muscles of rats and mice. Bone marrow stromal cells are preferred to muscle-forming adult stem cells found in bone marrow because they are much more abundant. This research is part of a growing list of scientific advances that may provide the way out of the ethical dilemma created by emerging biotechnologies.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Sunday, August 21, 2005
Climate Change Orbital Inclination Variation Link

  • A team of European and American geochemists and geophysicists has found more evidence for the supernatural design and timing of the solar system for the benefit of advanced life. Using measures of oxygen-18 and deuterium from the past 100,000 years that were recovered from the Greenland GRIP ice core, the team showed that several rapid and dramatic changes in both temperature and rainfall distribution had occurred in response to tiny changes in the obliquity or tilt of Earth’s orbit. Their study implies that the value, the range of variability, and the rates of variation in the obliquity of Earth’s orbit must all be carefully fine-tuned for advanced life to be possible. Their study also implies that the advent of global human civilization must have been carefully timed to begin near the start of the one 12,000-year slice within the past 100,000 years where relative climatic stability existed.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Saturday, August 20, 2005
Biochemical Design: Localization of Soj Protein

  • New understanding of a protein’s role in a specific bacterium provides evidence for design. Not long ago, microbiologists viewed bacteria as containers of haphazardly arranged molecules. Recent advances have overturned that view. Microbiologists now understand that these simplest of life forms possess a remarkable degree of internal organization at the molecular level. New research expands upon this new paradigm by characterizing the dynamic changes in localization of the Soj protein in the bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. This protein plays a critical role in the cell division process. The discovery of such internal organization of the simplest life forms serves as a marker for biochemical design and points to the work of a Creator.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Friday, August 19, 2005
Design of Molecular Antennae for Photosynthesis

  • A team of European and Chinese biophysicists has found more evidence for a high level of design in the light-harvesting molecules that facilitate photosynthesis in plants. Researchers had recently mapped and comprehended the exquisite design structures in LHCII molecules that allow them to function as high-gain antennae so that efficient photosynthesis can occur under shaded and overcast conditions (Creation Update, 10/05/04 http://www.reasons.org/resources/multimedia/rtbradio/cu_archives/protected/200407-12archives.shtml). What scientists lacked was any understanding of how these molecules functioned to protect plants from photo-damage bleaching under full sunlight conditions. The team discovered that LHCII contain nano-switches that involve changes in pigment configuration brought about by protein conformational change. These changes regulate how much incoming light is transferred to the photosynthetic molecular structure and how much is dissipated as heat. As the team points out, the "molecular design" of these nano-switches operates so that no matter what the incident light intensity is, the photosynthetic structures receive close to the ideal quantities of light. As the editors of Nature point out (v436, n7047, p. ix), the elegance of the design of LHCII has implications "for design of novel nano-optical devices."
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Thursday, August 18, 2005
Biochemical Design: Cellular Organization of MreB

  • Microbiologists have discovered more evidence for internal molecular organization in bacteria that also indicates purposeful design. New research characterizes the role of MreB, a protein involved in organizing the bacterial chromosome. MreB specifically segregates the replication origin region of the bacterial chromosome. This protein also plays a critical role in the cell division process. Such internal organization of the simplest life forms serves as a marker for biochemical design and suggests the work of a Divine Designer.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Wednesday, August 17, 2005
Design of Newly Discovered Earth Interior Layer

  • A team of American geophysicists has found more evidence for the fine-tuned design of planet Earth for the benefit of advanced life. Using high-pressure laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations, they showed that the archives of seismic data could only be explained if a thin, specially composed layer existed between the lower mantle and the outer liquid core of the earth. This newly identified layer would be made up of iron-rich silicate as much as 20% denser than normal lower mantle material. Evidently, physical/chemical reactions at the core-mantle boundary are responsible for the formation of this enigmatic layer. Several physical characteristics of this layer, including its magnetism, diffusivity, elasticity, and anisotropy, would need to be fine-tuned to sustain the kind of dynamo and plate tectonics at the level and duration that advanced life on Earth demands.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Tuesday, August 16, 2005
Human Engineers Fail to Match "Nature’s Ingenuity"

  • Recent research in nanotechnology highlights the elegance and sophistication of the biochemical systems that constitute life. The goal of nanotechnology is to construct man-made molecular-level machines. Toward this end researchers have synthesized the first-ever reversible molecular valve. This valve can open and close in response to chemical signals. Although the valve represents science at its very best, it is still crude and cumbersome in comparison to the molecular systems found inside the cell. These molecular systems, which function as molecular-level machines, are remarkably complex, and characteristically sophisticated, elegant, and efficient in their operation. In fact, they are far superior to anything yet produced by nanoscientists and nanoengineers. Nature’s superior designs point to the work of a Superior Designer.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Monday, August 15, 2005
Design of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

  • Two teams of chemists and biologists, one American the other Japanese, have uncovered more evidence for the supernatural design of the symbiotic relationship that exists between fungi and over 80% of all land plants. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which grow on plant roots, transform inorganic nitrogen into critical amino acids that land plants cannot produce for themselves. In exchange for these nutrients plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates, the fuel of life. Without this symbiotic relationship plants would not be able to colonize the vast majority of the continental land masses, and the extent and diversity of land animals would be severely limited. The Japanese team discovered that the symbiotic relationship is made optimally efficient by the plants releasing into the soil specialized signaling molecules (strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol) that communicate to the fungi the best locations for them to branch so that the best possible contact between the fungi and the plant’s roots takes place. The American team discovered the means by which specific chemical pathways and the genes controlling these pathways direct the amino acids produced by the fungi to the correct locations within the plant’s root system. In both cases the level of design ingenuity and optimization is spectacular and points to a Creator who had intended long ago that Earth’s continents would be filled with advanced plants and animals.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Sunday, August 14, 2005
Life’s Minimal Complexity

  • New research highlights the extensive complexity of life even in its most minimal form. Researchers probing the minimal requirements for life and searching for an explanation for life’s origin have attempted a new approach: the creation of artificial life. In an effort to build life from the ground up, researchers have encountered the complexity of even the simplest life form. The list of necessary operations for life to be possible is staggering. Although researchers have succeeded in developing a number of individual systems that crudely mimic some of the operations on the list, they have been unable to produce the most important feature of living systems: a self-replicating molecule that can direct its own production and the production of other necessary components needed for life. Whether the defining features of life are viewed from the top down or bottom up, the irreducible complexity of life is readily apparent.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Saturday, August 13, 2005
Carbon Dioxide Abundance Climate Change Link

  • Researchers have uncovered more evidence for the supernatural timing of humanity’s arrival in Earth’s history. Their work shows that the abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must be carefully fine-tuned to provide a climate suitable for global human civilization. Using cores from several deep sea drilling sites, the team established a record for the abundance of carbon dioxide over the past 45 million years. This record showed that the transition from a warm, ice-free Earth to a cooler Earth (with vast ice sheets covering Antarctica) correlated with a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1000-1500 parts per million down to the present 300 parts per million. This result demonstrates that carbon dioxide abundance must be carefully fine-tuned to provide a climate and sea level suitable for global human civilization and that the origin of humanity was timed for the perfect climatic moment in Earth’s history. The team’s study also shows that plant species using C4 photosynthesis suddenly arose to replace those using C3 photosynthesis when carbon dioxide levels rapidly dropped, suggesting the intervention of a supernatural Creator.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Friday, August 12, 2005
Biochemical Design: Another Molecular Motor

  • New insight into yet another of nature’s amazing molecular motors provides evidence for divine design. Biochemists have learned more about the type III secretion system of pathogenic bacteria. This protein complex, found in the bacterial cell envelope, is a needle-shaped molecular machine that transports bacterial proteins into the cytoplasm of the host’s cells. Recent research on the structure of the type III secretion system’s ring embedded in the inner membrane of the bacterial cell envelope has uncovered more of its elegant design. As scientists continue to study these biomolecular machines, they discover more evidence of the work of a divine "Motor Maker."
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Thursday, August 11, 2005
Definitive Cosmic Expansion Time Dilation Test

  • Observations by a team of American astronomers have provided scientists with a powerful new tool for establishing that the universe continuously expands from a creation event as the Bible predicted more than 2,500 years ago. Their new method also demonstrates that the young-universe creationist model for cosmic expansion must be incorrect. In a universe that has continuously expanded from a creation event 14 billion years ago, Einstein’s theory of special relativity predicts that a supernova manifesting a redshift of 0.36 will take several days longer than a comparable supernova in the Milky Way Galaxy to proceed through a set of changes in its spectrum. Nonexpanding universe cosmic models predict zero days while young-universe creationist models predict that the supernova will progress through its spectral changes nearly a million times faster! The team’s measurements on supernova 1997ex definitively confirm the biblically predicted cosmic creation model and at the same time falsify both nonexpanding universe models and young-universe creationist models.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Wednesday, August 10, 2005
Junk DNA Has Function

  • "Junk" (or noncoding) DNA has become an icon of evolution. Evolutionary biologists maintain that because junk DNA is an imperfection, it provides incontrovertible evidence for evolution. After all, why would a Creator bother with useless materials? Numerous recent studies, however, have identified function for many types of junk DNA. This new study shows that LINE DNA, a class of noncoding DNA that can duplicate itself and move around in the genome, plays a role in creating human diversity. As LINE DNA moves around the genome, it can alter gene expression patterns which, in turn, affect an organism’s characteristics. Such functional importance of junk DNA indicates that careful planning by an Intelligent Designer, rather than undirected, random biochemical events, shaped the genomes of organisms.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Tuesday, August 9, 2005
Petroleum Evidence for Huge Ancient Biomass

  • An Australian geologist has found more evidence consistent with the idea of a Creator packing Earth with biomass close to the maximal limits permitted by the laws of physics and the physical characteristics of the Sun and Earth. His analysis of shales in Archean rocks establishes that the petroleum found there was generated from biological material. Consequently, Earth must have sustained a huge biomass (quantity of living organisms) for at least the past 3.2 billion years. Such an enormous biomass existing for such a long time fits a biblical creation model describing the planning and foresight of a Creator who packs Earth with the maximum biodeposits possible for the launch and maintenance of global, high-technology human civilization. It also establishes a level of fossil fuel production far beyond the maximum limits permitted for any young-earth creationist model.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Monday, August 8, 2005
Why Aren’t There Any Fossils of 900-Year-Old Humans?

  • For many skeptics the long life spans recorded in Genesis 5 and 11 seem absurd. If the biblical account is correct, then why aren’t there any fossils of 900-year-old humans? Recent work offers a possible explanation. Anatomists from Japan have developed a new method to determine the age of a human at the time of death based on the ilium (one of the bones of the pelvis). Like all methods of this type, age is determined from biological changes in the skeleton that are correlated with chronological age. This approach critically depends on the individuals that make up the reference sample. Age determination of modern humans in the fossil record is based on calibration derived from contemporary humans, and therefore, would not necessarily be applicable to humans that aged differently prior to the flood. Thus, with some calibration adjustments, anthropologists may yet find evidence for 900-year-old human fossils.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Sunday, August 7, 2005
No Prebiotics in Proto-Planetary Nebulae

  • A team of American and German astronomers has put a damper on the naturalistic model for the origin of life. Recently (see TNRTB 04/13/05 and 04/11/05) astronomers officially withdrew their claims that they had discovered two of the simplest prebiotic molecules (glycine and pyrimidine) in the dense interstellar molecular clouds where new stars and planets form. The only other possible astrophysical source where prebiotics could be assembled would be the dense molecular clouds associated with the birth of nebulae (clouds of gas and dust) that arise from large, dying stars. The team searched the best such candidate nebula (named CRL 618) for harboring complex carbon molecules and concluded that "CRL 618 is a good source of large carbon chain species but a very poor source for detecting or producing organic species of biological importance." This null result is another serious blow to a naturalistic explanation for the origin of life.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Saturday, August 6, 2005
Biochemical Design: Cell Membrane Organization

  • Researchers have uncovered more evidence for the remarkable complexity and organization of cell membranes. Biochemists have traditionally regarded the cell membrane as a chaotic system that lacked order beyond the phospholipids bilayer structure. A new picture, however, is emerging. It turns out that when polyelectrolytes (chemical compounds that model protein interactions with the cell membrane surface) bind to the surface of cell membranes, they create two populations of phospholipids: those that rapidly diffuse and those that display restricted diffusion. The restricted diffusion of phospholipids is one of the likely mechanisms used by the cell to establish structurally and functionally distinct domains in the cell membrane. This organization-unlikely to come about by chance events-is an indicator of Intelligent Design.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Friday, August 5, 2005
Location of Exotic Matter in a Dwarf Galaxy

  • Astronomers and mathematicians from the University of Michigan strengthened the evidence for the biblically predicted big bang creation event and for the supernatural design of the universe when they demonstrated that a large and distant exotic-dark-matter halo surrounds a nearby dwarf galaxy. Applying a new mathematical technique, the team showed that the kinematics (positions and velocities) for a sample of 181 stars in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy could only be explained by the existence of an extended exotic-dark-matter halo that contains about ten times the total mass of ordinary matter (matter made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons) in the galaxy. The team’s observations confirm that there is no basis for doubting that the universe contains three different components of matter (visible ordinary matter, dark ordinary matter, and exotic dark matter) where each manifests specific and distinct geographical distributions. This finding establishes important predictions of the biblically predicted big bang creation model and helps prove a level of fine-tuning in the cosmic mass characteristics at least 1037 times superior to the best example of human engineering design.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Thursday, August 4, 2005
Biochemistry Supports Bible’s Long Life Spans

  • Recent advances in the biochemistry of aging make the long life spans recorded in Genesis 5 and 11 scientifically plausible. In this study, researchers demonstrate that even low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause extensive DNA damage. ROS are produced by the cell during the normal course of metabolism. Fortunately, the cell has enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase that protect the cell’s molecules from the harmful effects of ROS. Recent work indicates that boosting the levels of these enzymes dramatically increases life spans. This new study confirms the important role that ROS play in aging. If scientists can significantly manipulate life spans by genetic intervention, it would not be difficult for a Creator to adjust human biochemistry to permit long life spans and then shorten them after the Flood. In light of this study, the long human life spans described in Genesis are scientifically reasonable.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Wednesday, August 3, 2005
Cosmic Background Radiation Anomaly Resolved

  • A team of American and Canadian astronomers has demonstrated greater consistency for the biblically predicted big bang creation model and stronger evidence for the exquisite fine-tuning of the universe for the support of life, and humanity in particular. The best cosmic background radiation (the radiation left over from the creation event) maps reveal an anomaly in that power levels for very high "multipole" values are slightly higher than what standard big bang creation models would predict. The team showed that these higher values are well explained in the context of inflationary hot big bang creation models by the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (the scattering of cosmic background radiation photons by hot electrons within the seeds of future clusters of galaxies). This resolution of the only important anomaly in the cosmic background radiation maps significantly strengthens the case for the biblically predicted big bang creation model and enhances astronomers’ confidence that the cosmic density parameters indeed manifest evidence for extraordinary fine-tuning design.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Tuesday, August 2, 2005
Challenge to Biological Evolution: Convergence of Venom Systems

  • A new discovery of biological convergence-this time, nasty saliva-challenges the evolutionary paradigm. With chance as its mechanism, evolution should not produce the same outcome (convergence) repeatedly. Yet study after study shows that repeated outcomes are commonplace. This example describes the repeated, independent origins of salivary venom delivery systems in mammals. Salivary venoms are common among non-mammal vertebrates, but limited in mammals to the duck-billed platypus and a few shrews. Recent analyses of fossils identify salivary venom delivery systems in extinct mammals. This discovery indicates that these types of systems appeared multiple times independently in mammals throughout their natural history. As scientists discover more examples of convergence in nature, evolution struggles to explain them, while biblical creation points to a Creator repeatedly using the same good designs as He brought life into existence.
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Today’s New Reason To Believe-Monday, August 1, 2005
Improving a Test for Cosmic Creation

  • An international team of 31 astronomers has tested the reliability of one of the fundamental yardsticks used for establishing the biblically predicted big bang creation model and for demonstrating the supernatural design of the universe. They used careful measurements on a sample of over 200 type Ia supernovae. They sought to determine whether or not there was any intrinsic difference in the properties of very distant and, hence, early in cosmic history, type Ia supernovae compared to nearby and, hence, late in cosmic history, type Ia supernovae. The team found that very distant type Ia matched well the properties of nearby type Ia supernovae. This result confirmed that type Ia supernovae indeed provide a reliable yardstick for establishing the reality of the big bang creation event and the supernatural design of the universe for the benefit of life and for humanity in particular.
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