Creation Update
2003 Web Cast Archives
July - December

LEGEND

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• Top 10 Scientific Discoveries of 2003 that Support RTB’s Testable Creation Model
  • Number 1 Publication of the WMAP results provides not only strong confirmation for the “big bang” model for the origin of the universe, but also lends support for the accuracy of the Bible. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 02-18-2003.
    • See images of the WMAP on the Goddard NASA web site.
    • Related Resource: WMAP Offers Spectacular Proofs of Creation Event, by Hugh Ross
  • Number 2 The discovery of urochordates existing in the fossil record contemporaneously with chordates, hemichordates, cephalochordates, echinoderms, jawless vertebrates, and jawed vertebrates adds to the mounting evidence against the traditional Darwinian explanation for the Cambrian Explosion. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 07-08-2003.
    • Jun-Yuan Chen et al., "The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China," PNAS 100 (July 8, 2003), 8314-8318.
    • Related Resource: Chordate Fossils Foil Theory, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
  • Number 3 A new model for the early life for the sun adds to our understanding of the design of the conditions on the early Earth, which allowed for an abundance and diversity of life. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 04-29-2003.
    • I.-Juliana Sackmann and Arnold I. Boothroyd, "Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars," Astrophysical Journal 583 (2003), 1024-39.
    • Related Resource: A Bright Younger Sun, by Hugh Ross
  • Number 4 New insights into the production of chloromethane add to the mounting evidence for the fine-tuning of the early earth. Botanists discover that chloromethane, a destroyer of stratospheric ozone, is efficiently produced by rotting plants and fungi that are exposed to the atmosphere. Production goes up with the atmospheric temperature. Thus, life’s survival requires efficient burial mechanisms and temperatures that are not too high. This discovery adds another complex element to the faint sun paradox. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 07-22-2003.
    • John T. G. Hamilton, et al, “Chloride Methylation by Plant Pectin: An Efficient Environmentally Significant Process,” Science, 301 (2003), 206-209.
    • Related Resource: The Faint Sun Paradox, by Hugh Ross
  • Number 5 Is human evolution a fact? Evidence continues to mount against any genetic link between ancient modern humans and Neanderthals. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 05-13-2003.
    • David Caramelli et al., "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans," PNAS 100 (May 27, 2003), 6593-97.
    • Related Resource: Neanderthal-to-Human Link Severed, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
  • Number 6 Emerging technology allowed astronomers to use gamma ray bursts to test rates of time dilation. This technique not only offers another confirmation of the “big bang” model for the origin of the universe, it also allows Christians to put the young-earth cosmology promoted by Russell Humphreys to the test. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 07-15-2003.
    • Rong-Feng Shen and Li-Ming Song, “Characteristic Variability Time Scales of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 55 (April 2003), 345-349.
    • Yi-Ping Qin, et al., “Statistical Properties of the Highest Pulses in Gamma-Ray Bursts,” Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 3 (February 2003), 38-48.
    • Bruno Leibundgut, “Cosmological Implications from Observations of Type Ia Supernovae,” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 39 (2001), 67-98.
    • John P. Blakeslee, et al., “Discovery of two distant type Ia supernovae in the Hubble Deep Field-North with the advanced camera for surveys,” The Astrophysical Journal 589 (June 1, 2003), 693-703.
    • Related Resource: Unraveling Starlight and Time (Creation Update audio cassette, air-date 06-03-2000)
  • Number 7 Are endogenous retroviruses proof for human evolution? Increased understanding of this form of “junk” DNA reveals that they do indeed have function and are consistent with Intelligent Design, rather than being evidence for descent from a common primate ancestor. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 10-14-2003.
    • Theodora Hatziioannou, et al, “Restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by Lv1 and Ref1,” The EMBO Journal 22 (2003), 385-394.
    • Clare Lynch and Michael Tristem, “A Co-opted gypsy-type LTR-Retrotransposon Is Conserved in the Genonmes of Humans, Sheep, Mice and Rats,” Current Biology 13 (2003), 1518-1523.
    • Catherine A. Dunn, Patrik Medstrand, and Dixie L. Mager, “An endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat is the dominant promoter for human B1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 in the colon,” PNAS 100 (2003), 12841-12846.
    • Vera Schramke and Robin Allshire, “Hairpin RNAs and Retrotransposon LTRs Effect RNAi and Chromatin-Based Gene Silencing,” Science 301 (August 22, 2003), 1069-1074.
    • Related Resource: "Junk" DNA Not So Junky, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
  • Number 8 Confirmation of the Biblical date for Hezekiah’s tunnel: Results from radiometric dating provides more evidence for the historical accuracy of the Bible. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 09-23-2003.
    • Amos Frumkin et al, ”Radiometric Dating of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem,” Nature 425 (2003), 169-171.
    • Helen R. Pilcher, “Radio-Dating Backs Up Biblical Text,” Nature (2003), Science Update.
  • Number 9 Parasites Trace the Origin and Spread of Humanity: Scientists use body lice to date the recent appearance of modern humans (descendents of Adam and Eve) and trace early migration patterns. This discovery also confirms RTB’s suggestion that the manufacturing of clothing is a feature of highly intelligent creatures bearing the image of God and also provides evidence that hominids did not wear clothing. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 09-02-2003.
    • John Whitfield, "Lice Genes Date First Human Clothes," Nature Science Update, (August 20, 2003).
    • Ralf Kittler et al., "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing," Current Biology Vol.13 (2003), 1414-17.
    • Related Resource: Diseases Follow Human Origin and Spread, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
    • Product Spotlight: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries of 2003, Creation Update. Call 800-482-7836 to order.
  • Number 10 Five species symbiosis: An intricate series of biological relationships defies explanation within an evolutionary context, but is consistent with a Creator who is capable of creating a complex chain of interdependent organisms. Discussed on Creation Update, airdate 02-04-2003.
    • Elizabeth Pennisi, "On Ant Farm, A Threesome Coevolves," Science 299 (January 17, 2003), 325.
    • Cameron R. Currie et al., "Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis," Science 299 (January 17, 2003), 386-88.
    • Related Resource: Symbiosis - More Complex Than We Knew, by Hugh Ross

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Neanderthal brain structure
    • Emiliano Bruner et al., “Encephalization and Allometric Trajectories in the genus Homo: Evidence from the Neandertal and Modern Lineages,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 15335-15340.
  • Human/chimp DNA comparisons
    • Andrew G. Clark et al., “Inferring Nonneutral Evolution from Human-Chimp-Mouse Orthologous Gene Trios,” Science 302 (2003), 1960-1963.
    • Elizabeth Pennisi, “Genome Comparisons Hold Clues,” Science 302 (2003), 1876-1877.
  • Protein interaction map of fruit flies
    • L. Giot et al., “A Protein Interaction Map of Drosophila melanogaster,” Science 302 (2003), 1727-1736.
  • Dipole confirmation
    • Ariyeh H. Maller, et al., “The Clustering Dipole of the Local Universe from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey,” Astrophysical Journal Letters 598 (2003), L1-L5.
      • Previously discussed on Creation Update, 04-02-2003
    • See also:
      • Big Bang Stands Firm, by Hugh Ross
      • The Big Bang - The Bible Taught it First! by Hugh Ross and John Rea
• Call In Questions
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: Does Genesis 1:30 teach that all animals were vegetarians before Adam’s Fall?
    • Life and Death in Eden, RTB scholar team (audio series)
    • Creature Mortality: From Creation Or The Fall? by John C. Munday Jr.
    • Animal Death Before the Fall: What Does the Bible Say? by Lee Irons
    • Biblical Defense of Death before the Fall, Creation Update (interview with Lee Irons; air date: 10-07-03, see further down this page)
  • David in Winston Salem, NC: How is it possible that galaxies could eventually travel faster than the speed of light? If everything in the universe is expanding, wouldn’t our tools for measurement also be expanding?
• Email Questions
  • Kevin in Duluth, MN: How much progress has been made in understanding that allows cells in an embryo to “become” one type or another?
    • Fuz recommends looking into some work by Paul Nelson on this issue. Accessed on 12-16-2003.
  • Randy in Denver, CO: Would shorter days earlier in the Earth’s history have affected the calculations of time we have recorded in the Bible?
• Theology segment
  • The Christmas Star, by Hugh Ross.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Xenotransplantation — use of pig organs in humans
    • Helen Pearson, “Engineered Pig Organs Survive in Monkeys,” Nature Science Update (December 8, 2003).
  • Solar system design — Kuiper Belt design
    • Harold F. Levison and Alessandro Morbidelli, “The Formation of the Kuiper Belt by the Outward Transport of Bodies During Neptune’s Migration,” Nature 426 (2003), 419-421.
    • Rodney Gomes, “Conveyed to the Kuiper Belt,” Nature 426 (2003), 393-395.
    • Robert Roy Britt, “Solar System that Neptune Built,” Space.com (accessed 12-09-2003).
  • Convergence update — toxic frogs
    • Kyle Summers, “Convergent evolution of bright coloration and toxicity in frogs,” PNAS 100 (October 28, 2003), 12533-12534.
    • Juan Carlos Santos, Luis A. Coloma, and David C. Cannatella, “Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs,” PNAS 100 (October 28, 2003), 12792-12797.
  • Stasis in the fossil record
    • David J. Siveter, et al, “An Ostracode Crustacean with Soft Parts from the Lower Silurian,” Science 302 (December 5, 2003), 1749-1751.
    • Erik Stokstad, “Gutsy Fossil Sets Record for Staying the Course,” Science 302 (2003), 1645.
    • Sean G. Brady, “Evolution of the army ant syndrome: The origin and long-term evolutionary stasis of a complex of behavioral and reproductive adaptations,” PNAS 100 (May 27, 2003), 6575-6579.
    • Stefanie M. Berghoff, “Army Ants: An Evolutionary Bestsellar?” Current Biology 13 (2003), R676-R677.
    • Frederic Delsuc, “Army Ants Trapped by Their Evolutionary History,” PLoS Biology 1 (2003), 155-156.
  • Decay in cold, dark matter?
    • Masamune Orguri, et al., “Decaying Cold Dark Matter and the Evolution of the Cluster Abundance,” Astrophysical Journal 597 (2003), 645-649.
• Error Correction to The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
  • Also mentioned: Today’s New Reason To Believe – Thursday, November 20, 2003; R. Dodson, et al, “The Vela Pulsar’s Proper Motion and Parallax Derived from VLBI Observations,” Astrophysical Journal 596 (2003), 1137-1141.
• Call-In Questions
  • Pete in Virginia Beach, VA: Could cosmic rays and cloud formation be an influence on Noah’s flood?
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: What does the Bible mean when it says that the earth is resting on “pillars”?
    • Krista recommends: How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, Stuart and Fee
• Email Questions
  • Vince in Newark, Delaware: If Darwinian evolution is false, then what would be the alternative?
  • Tim wants to know: Doesn’t Genesis 2:5-9 teach that humans were created before plants and animals?
    • The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Petroleum Design
    • J.S. Seewald, "Organic-Inorganic Interactions in Petroleum-Producing Sedimentary Basins," Nature 426 (2003), 327-333.
    • I.M. Head, D.M. Jones and S.R. Larter, “Biological Activity in the Deep Subsurface and the Origin of Heavy Oil,” Nature 426 (2003), 344-352.
    • N. White, M. Thompson and T. Barwise, “Understanding the Thermal Evolution of Deep-Water Continental Margins,” Nature 426 (2003), 334-343.
  • Biochemical design — enzyme in charge of quality control
    • Markus Eser and Michael Ehrmann, “SecA-dependent quality control of intracellular protein localization,” PNAS 100 (November 11, 2003), 13231-13234.
    • Beyond Irreducible Complexity, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
• Call-In Questions
  • Rob in Denver, CO: Had some questions about Robert Shapiro’s statements about origin of life problems.
  • Dave in Los Angeles, CA: Aren’t evolutionists being kind of premature in their assessment of the similarities between the human and chimp genomes?
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: What does 2 Peter 3:5 mean when it talks about the earth being created out of water?
• Theology/Philosophy segment
  • Biblical support for God’s provision of optimal environments for His creatures
• Miscellaneous
  • Science and Evangelism Correspondence course
    • Inquires about RTB’s Science and Evangelism Correspondence course and the volunteer apologists’ program —
    • Inquiries about chapter efforts around the world —

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Punctuated Equilibrium
    • Goncalo Ferraz, et al., "Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments," PNAS 100 (2003), 14069-14073.
    • Norbert J. Cordeiro and Henry F. Howe, "Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispersers and an endemic African tree," PNAS 100 (2003), 14052-14056.
  • Meteorite fragments in Antarctica
    • Asish R. Basu, et al., “Chondritic Meteorite Fragments Associated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica,” Science (2003), 1388-1392.
  • Solar system design — fine-tuning mass of gas giants
    • Edward W. Thommes and Jack J. Lissauer, “Resonant Inclination Excitation of Migrating Giant Planets,” Astrophysical Journal 597 (2003), 566-580.
  • Biodiversity — Why did God make dinosaurs?
    • Michel Loreau, Nicolas Mouquet and Andrew Gonzalez, "Biodiversity as spatial insurance in heterogeneous landscapes," PNAS 100 (2003), 12765-12770.
  • Evidence against a “warm and wet” Mars
    • Todd M. Hoefen, et al., “Discovery of Olivine in the Nili Fossae Region of Mars,” Science 302 (2003), 627-630.
  • Genetic similarities between human and chimp DNA
    • Mario Caceres, et al., “Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains,” PNAS 100 (2003), 13030-13035.
• Call-In Questions
  • Doug in Germantown, MD: Had a programming suggestion for Creation Update; What are the top 3 things people should remember as evidence against biological evolution?
  • Mike in Columbus, IN: Have you responded to the accusations made by the ICR regarding the atonement?
    • Biblical Defense of Death before the Fall, with Rev. Lee Irons on Creation Update (air date: 10-07-03)
    • Animal Death Before the Fall: What Does the Bible Say? by Rev. Lee Irons
  • Randy in Collierville, TN: What are Euler’s equations and what do they tell us about string theory?
    • The Elegant Universe, by Brian Greene
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: According to molecular clock analysis, humans diverged from primates 5,000,000 years ago. What is RTB’s position for the date of the first humans?
  • Joe in Bismark, ND: Comment on Hugh’s discovery about olivine
• Email Questions
  • Jeff in Tacoma, WA: Could an artificially designed protein be evidence for Intelligent Design?

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Possible climatic cause for the Pleistocene extinction
    • R. Dale Guthrie, “Rapid Body Size Decline in Alaskan Pleistocene Horses Before Extinction,” Nature 426 (2003), 169-171.
  • Minimum complexity for life update
    • Eugene V. Koonin, “Comparative Genomics, Minimal Gene-Sets and the Last Universal Common,” Nature Reviews 1 (November 2003), 127-136.
    • S.Y. Gerdes, et al., “Experimental Determination and System Level analysis of Essential Genes in Escherichia coli MG 1655,” Journal of Bacteriology 185 (October 2003), 5673-5684.
    • Michael A. Jacobs, “Comprehensive transposon mutant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Journal of Bacteriology 185 (October 2003), 5673-5684.
  • More precise measurement of cosmic baryon density
    • David Kirkman, et al., “The Cosmological Baryon Density from the Deuterium-to-Hydrogen Ratio in QSO Absorption Systems: D/H toward Q12343+3047,” Astrophysical Journal Supplement 149 (2003), 1-28.
    • "Missing" Baryons Found, Creation Update (air-date: 2-25-2003)
• Call-In Questions
  • William in Vernon, IN: Is there scientific evidence for life after death? Is the physical body all there is?
    • Scaling the Secular City, by J.P. Moreland
    • Beyond Death: Exploring the Evidence for Immortality, by J.P. Moreland and Gary Habermas
    • Shadows of the Mind, by Roger Penrose
  • What is the difference between predestination and foreknowledge?
    • Chosen by God, by R.C. Sproul
    • Beyond the Bounds: Open Theism and the Undermining of Biblical Christianity, edited by John Piper, Justin Taylor and Paul Helseth
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: What are “molecular clocks”?
    • Failure of Molecular Clocks: Important Implications for the Christian Faith, by Fuz Rana
    • Ancient DNA, Creation Update (airdate: 04-16-2002)
• Philosophy/Theology segment
  • Why do people believe in conspiracy theories?

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Replication of life-detection experiments of the Viking Mission (1976) to Mars
    • Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, et al., “Mars-Like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life,” Science 302 (2003), 1018-1021.
    • Also mentioned:
      • Allan H. Treiman, “Submicron Magnetite Grains and Carbon Compounds in Martian meteorite ALH84001: Inorganic, Abiotic Formation by Shock and Thermal Metamorphism,” Astrobiology 3 (2003), 369-392.
      • Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, by Michael Denton
    • More about the upcoming Martian missions: JPL web site
  • Analysis of the first data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
    • M. Tegmark, et al, “Cosmological Parameters from SDSS and WMAP,” preprint (2003).
    • Charles Seife, “Galaxy Maps Support Theory that the Universe is Flying to Pieces,” Science 302 (October 31, 2003), 762-763.
  • Another independent confirmation of the cosmic density
    • H. Feldman, et al, “An Estimate of ‡m Without Conventional Priors,” Astrophysical Journal Letters 596 (2003), L131-L134.
• Call-In Questions
  • Joel in Bismark, ND: Wanted to ask some follow-up questions about the Martian experiments
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: Is Genesis 1 scientifically accurate or a borrowed Mediterranean myth?
• Email Questions
  • Ven wanted to know: Has Matthew 24:29 already been fulfilled?
  • Damien from Sydney, Australia: What books can you recommend on geophysics and the cell?
    • Travels to the Nanoworld, by Michael Gross
  • Kenny wanted us to comment on a couple of recent science news stories.
  • Dennis wanted to know our comments on some supposed “errors” in radiometric dating methods.
    • Radiometric Dating Methods and the RATE Study, with Roger Wiens (airdate 9/18/03)
    • Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective, by Roger Wiens
• Theological/Philosophical Segment
  • The doctrine of creation ex nihilo

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Electrical charge used in DNA Repair — Watchmaker argument
    • Elizabeth M. Boon et al., “DNA-Mediated Charge Transport for DNA Repair,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 13235-13240.
  • Future of the universe
    • Michael T. Busha et al., “Future Evolution of Cosmic Structure in an Accelerating Universe, “Astrophysical Journal 596 (2003), 713-726.
• Call-In Questions
  • Oren in Bossier City, LA: Could we still be in the 6th creation day?
    • The Genesis Debate, ed. David Hagopian
  • Wayne in Dallas, TX: According to the evolutionary model, what did our last common ancestor with chimps look like?
    • The Leap to Two Feet, by Fuz Rana
  • Steve in Modesto, CA: Is “string theory” just mathematical and not actual?
    • Beyond the Cosmos, by Hugh Ross
    • The Elegant Universe, by Brian Greene
    • Also mentioned, PBS’s special, The Elegant Universe with Brian Greene
  • Ian in Santa Clarita, CA: Could the “lion man” statue help us date Noah’s flood?
    • Lion-Man Statue: Evidence for Human Imagination, Creation Update, air-date: 09-16-03
  • Chris in Charlotte, NC: Can amino acids form in space?
• Email Questions
  • Does the earth receive 90% of its cosmic rays from the Vela Supernova?
    • The Genesis Question, pp. 120-123.
    • Peter L. Biermann, “Astrophysics: Not-so-cosmic rays,” Nature 388 (03 Jul 1997), 24-25.
    • A. Erlykin and A. Wolfendale, “High Energy Cosmic Ray Spectroscopy: I. Status and Prospects,” Astroparticle Physics 7 (1997), 1-13.
  • Why do you have to take “breaks” during the show? It’s only a webcast.
  • Would the Vela Supernova affect carbon 14 dating techniques?
• Ben Witherington, professor of New Testament at Asbury Theological Seminary interview
  • The Brother of Jesus: The Dramatic Story & Meaning of the First Archeological Link to Jesus and His Family, by Hershal Shanks and Ben Witherington (available through amazon.com)

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Dwarf spiral galaxies
    • Alister W. Graham, Helmut Jerjen, and Rafael Guzman, “Hubble Space Telescope Detection of Spiral Structure in Two Coma Cluster Dwarf Galaxies,” Astronomical Journal 126 (2003), 1787-1793.
  • Sloan Digital Sky Survey
    • Kevorek Abazajian et al., “The First Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey,” Astronomical Journal 126 (2003), 2081-2086.
  • Gene deserts — junk DNA
    • Marcelo A. Nobrega et al., “Scanning Human Gene Deserts for Long-Range Enhancers,” Science 302 (2003), 413.
• Call-In Questions
  • Joe in Bismark, ND: Had a follow-up question to last week’s discussion of the universe being in the shape of a dodecahedron.
  • Steve in Modesto, CA: Is the universe expanding everywhere at a homogeneous rate? How do astronomers calculate the existence of extra-solar planets?
  • Kenny in Milton, FL: Had some follow-up questions about relativity based on our recent show.
  • David in Los Angeles, CA: Origin of the races?
    • The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
  • Chris in North Carolina: Wouldn’t evidence for the primordial soup have been lost in the recycling of the earth’s crust?
• Theology/Philosophy Segment: Ken’s perspective on Halloween
  • The Tricky Topic of Halloween, by Kenneth Samples
• Also mentioned: The Elegant Universe (DVD), documentary airing on PBS.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • A new model for the shape of the universe — a dodecahedron?    (Part 2, Part 3)
    • Jean-Pierre Luminet et al, “Dodecahedral Space Topology as an Explanation for Weak-Angle Temperature Correlations in the Cosmic Microwave Background,” Nature 425 (2003), 593-595.
    • George F.R. Ellis, “The Shape of the Universe,” Nature 425 (2003), 566-567.
    • Charles Seife, “Polyhedral Model Gives the Universe an Unexpected Twist,” Science 302 (2003), 209.
    • Neil J. Cornish et al, “Constraining the Topology of the Universe,” astro-ph/0310233, submitted to Physical Review Letters, 2003.
    • Also mentioned: Early Quintessence: Emerging Evidence for a Third Factor Controlling the Expansion Rate of the Universe, Creation Update, July 29, 2003.
    • More papers in Hugh’s stack related to this discussion:
      • Carlo R. Contaldi et al, “Suppressing the lower multipoles in the CMB anisotropies,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Issue 7 (2003), 2.
      • James M. Cline, et al, “Does the small CMB quadrupole moment suggest new physics,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Issue 9 (2003), 10.
      • G. Efstathiou, “Is the low cosmic microwave background quadrupole a signature of spatial curvature?” Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society 343 (August 2003), L95-L98.
  • Mapping budding yeast cells
    • W.K. et al, “Global Analysis of Protein Localization in Budding Yeast,” Nature 425 (2003), 686-691.
    • S. Ghaemmaghami et al, “Global Analysis of Protein Expression in Yeast,” Nature 425 (2003), 737-741.
    • James A. Wohischlegel and John R. Yates, “Where’s Waldo in Yeast?” Nature 425 (2003), 671-672.
  • Life’s minimum complexity — archaeal parasite
    • Elizabeth Waters et al., “The Genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: Insight into Early Archaeal Evolution and Derived Parasitism,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 12984-12988.
• Call-In Questions
  • Eric in Waxahachie, TX: When should the theory of Relativity be considered a “fact”?
  • Doug in Germantown, Maryland: Why did God make dinosaurs?
  • Dave in Seattle, WA: Where was the Garden of Eden? What does RTB think of the Discovery Channel documentary called, The Real Eve.
    • Hear our discussion of The Real Eve on the Creation Update, 4-30-2002 broadcast.
  • Dave in Los Angeles, CA: What are the “pillars of heaven” referred to in Job 26:11?
    • Stuart and Fee, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth
• Email Questions
  • Bob in Portland, OR: Is Hugh exaggerating the confirmation of the theory of Relativity?
• Theology/Philosophy Segment
  • Approaches to apologetics
    • 5 Views on Apologetics, ed. Steven B. Cowen

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Another Confirmation of General Relativity — light deflection
    • B. Bertotti, L Iess, and P. Tortora, “A Test of General Relativity Using Radio Links with the Cassini Spacecraft,” Nature 425 (2003), 374-376.
  • Decimation of the killer whale ecosystem and a Christian perspective on environmentalism
    • A.M. Springer et al, “Sequential Megafaunal Collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An Ongoing Legacy of Industrial Whaling,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 12223-12228.
  • Retro-viruses -- “junk” DNA update
    • Theodora Hatziioannou, et al, “Restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by Lv1 and Ref1,” The EMBO Journal 22 (2003), 385-394.
    • Clare Lynch and Michael Tristem, “A Co-opted gypsy-type LTR-Retrotransposon Is Conserved in the Genonmes of Humans, Sheep, Mice and Rats,” Current Biology 13 (2003), 1518-1523.
    • Catherine A. Dunn, Patrik Medstrand, and Dixie L. Mager, “An endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat is the dominant promoter for human B1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 in the colon,” PNAS Early Edition (2003).
    • Vera Schramke and Robin Allshire, “Hairpin RNAs and Retrotransposon LTRs Effect RNAi and Chromatin-Based Gene Silencing,” Science 301 (August 22, 2003), 1069-1074.
• Call-In Questions
  • Sam in Los Angeles, CA: How do scientists know what the decay rate of radiometric elements are?
  • Randy in Collierville, TN: Do old-earth creationists also have problems with the speed of light?
  • Chris in North Carolina: What is the “firmament” (KJV) in Genesis 1:15?
    • Robert Newman’s thesis on the 2nd creation day: (Catalog #N11) Robert C. Newman, The Biblical Firmament: Vault or Vapor? IBRI, 2000. $7.95. ISBN 0-944788-80-7.
  • Marj, one of our RTB staff members: What makes something as “living” vs. “non-living”?

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Age/Metalicity Relationship — test for the big bang model
    • Jason X. Prochaska et al., “The Age-Metalicity Relation of the Universe in Neutral Gas: The First 100 Damped Lya Systems,” The Astrophysical Journal 595 (2003), L9-L12.
    • Book mentioned: The Echo of the Big Bang
  • Astrobiology debate
    • C.H. Lineweaver and T.M. Davis, “Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the Universe?” Astrobiology 2 (2002), 292-304.
    • V.V. Flambaum, “Comment on ‘Does the Rapid Appearance of Life on Earth Suggest that Life is Common in the Universe?’” Astrobiology 3 (2003), 237-239.
    • Charles H. Lineweaver and Tamara M. Davis, “On the Nonobservability of Recent Biogenesis,” Astrobiology 3 (2003), 241-243.
• Call-In Questions
  • Rob in Boulder, CO: Heard Robert Shapiro say that there is no evidence for organic phosphates. Is that true?
• Email Questions
  • Van Michael in Nashville, TN: Is there any biblical basis for believing that there are gaps in the biblical genealogies?
    • The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
    • Are there gaps in the genealogies? by William Henry Green
• Theology segment
  • Does animal death before Adam undermine the atonement?
    • For more discussion on death before the fall, we recommend:
      • Animal Death Before the Fall: What Does the Bible Say? by Rev. Lee Irons
      • Creature Mortality: From Creation Or The Fall? by John C. Munday Jr.
      • Life and Death in Eden (cassette or CD)

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Early Human Migration vs. the Bible and the Book of Mormon
    • “Archaeological Find Provides Insight Into Northeast 9,000 Years Ago,” sciencedaily.com.
    • Rolando Gonzales-Jose et al., “Craniometric Evidence for Paleoamerican Survival in Baja California,” Nature 425 (2003), 62-65.
    • Tom D. Dillehay, “Tracking the First Americans,” Nature 425(2003), 23-24.
    • Charles S. Spencer, “War and early state formation in Oaxaca, Mexico,” PNAS 100 (September 30, 2003), 11185-11187.
    • Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, “The origin of war: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico,” PNAS 100 (September 30, 2003), 11801-11805.
    • For more on the biblical account of early human migration, see The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
    • Also mentioned: Who is the Designer? 2003 conference audio tapes
  • Biotechnology Update
    • Peter Mombaerts, “Therapeutic Cloning in the Mouse,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), early edition.
    • Erika Check, “Parkinson’s Transplant Therapy Faces Setback,” Nature Science Update.
    • For more information on biotechnology, check out these resources:
      • A New Direction for Stem Cell Research, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
      • A Christian Perspective on Biotechnology, by Fazale “Fuz” Rana
• Call-In Questions
  • Becky in Branson, MO: How can I approach my church leadership about fair representation of other views on Genesis 1?
    • The Genesis Debate
    • PCA Report from Creation Study Committee
    • Westminster Theological Seminary and the Days of Creation
    • The Ankerberg Debate: Young Earth vs. Old Earth (DVD)
• Email Questions
  • Andy wanted Fuz to comment on a recent find in a Romanian cave that is being touted as support for the idea that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Hezekiah’s tunnel
    • Amos Frumkin et al, ”Radiometric Dating of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem,” Nature 425 (2003), 169-171.
    • Helen R. Pilcher, “Radio-Dating Backs Up Biblical Text,” Nature Science Update.
  • Did the universe come from a black hole?
    • Joel Smoller and Blake Temple, “Shock-wave cosmology inside a black hole,” PNAS online (September 12, 2003).
    • Joel Smoller and Blake Temple, “Shock-wave Cosmology Inside a Black Hole,” pre-print (October 17, 2002).
    • Joel Smoller and Blake Temple, “Cosmology, Black Holes and Shock Waves Beyond the Hubble Length,” pre-print (December 18, 2002).
  • Recent developments in young-earth cosmology  (Part 2)
    • Russell Humphreys, “Prestigious Journal Endorses Basics of Creationist Cosmology,” ICR web site.
    • John Hartnett, “The Heavens Declare a Different Story,” TJ 17 (2003), 94-97.
    • John Hartnett, “A new cosmology: solution to the starlight travel time problem,” TJ 17 (2003), 98-102.
• Call-In Questions
  • Mark in Milwaukee, WI: Have you heard of a book called, Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science, by Alan D. Sokal and Jean Bricmont?
  • Joel in Bismark, ND: If the rate of decay of uranium was high on Creation Days 1 and 2, then how could the earth have cooled off within 24 hours to facilitate plant life on Day 3?
  • Jim in Lusby, MD: Wanted to ask a follow up question to the September 2003 Message of the Month about the multi-universe theory.
    • Book mentioned by caller: Universes, by John Leslie
  • Randy in TN: Wanted to clarify a point from the Primetime episode about radiometric dating.
  • Steve in Camarillo, CA: What is Mark 13:24 referring to when it says that the sun was darkened?
• Email Questions
  • Tim in Japan: How much argon would be able to escape an igneous rock into the atmosphere?
    • For more on radiometric dating, see the Show Notes from our Primetime broadcast with Roger Wiens (09-18-2003).
  • Damien in Sydney, Australia: Could you please explain how isochron calibration works? Can it be used as an argument for the reliability of radiometric dating?
• Theology/Philosophy segment
  •  What is post-modernism?
    • Post-Modern Times, by Gene Veith

• Program Outline
  • Get to know Dr. Wiens
  • About radiometric dating
  • Assumptions of radiometric dating
  • How do we know the decay rates are unchanged?
  • Different techniques and applicable ranges of use
  • The RATE study
  • Marj Harman asks:
    • Why don't all rocks date at the same age?
    • Do the different methods of radiometric dating which verify each other support a young or old earth?
    • What would happen during the flood with increased radiometric decay?
  • Additional problems with young earth position
• Related Papers and Programs
  • Uranium Decay in Ancient Stars -- Another Confirmation for an Ancient Universe (air-date: 02-24-2001)
  • Stars with uranium and thorium - refining radiometric dating methods (air-date: 11-26-2002)
  • Discussion of zircons (air-date: 02-05-2002)
  • The Dynamics of Dating, by Roger Wiens
  • Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective, by Roger Wiens
  • 2003 papers from the RATE study
  • Announcement of the recent RATE research on the Answers in Genesis web site
  • For more on radiometric dating, call our office and ask about the November/December editions of the 2003 Message of the Month program where our scholars discuss this topic in more detail.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Lion man statue takes its place as the oldest statue
    • Rex Dalton, "Lion Man Takes Pride of Pride as Oldest Statue," Nature Science Update (accessed 09-07-2003).
  • Worm resistance to metals
    • Jeffrey S. Levinton et al., “Rapid Loss of Genetically Based Resistance to Metals after the Cleanup of a Superfund Site,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 9889-9891.
  • Optimality of DNA replication
    • Manel Camps et al., “Targeted gene evolution in Escherichia coli using a highly error-prone DNA polymerase I,” PNAS, USA 100 (2003), 9727-9732.
• Call-In Questions
  • Eric in Texas: What is “fine-tuning” in a biological sense?
    • Beyond Irreducible Complexity, by Fuz Rana (audio tape)
    • FYI: I.D. IN DNA: Deciphering Design in the Genetic Code, by Fuz Rana
  • Todd in Dallas, TX: Does Jesus’s atonement include the physical universe?
    • Animal Death Before the Fall: What Does the Bible Say? by Rev. Lee Irons
    • Life and Death in Eden (cassette or CD)
  • Rob in Denver, CO: Can you compare the number of steps between the prebiotic routes and the biochemical routes?
• Theology/Philosophy Segment: Responding to “Modernism”
  • Millard Erickson, Christian Theology
  • Gene Veith, Post-Modern Times
  • George Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Three Studies Affirm Conservation and Function of "Junk" DNA
    • Clare Lynch and Michael Tristem, "A Co-opted gypsy-type LTR-Retrotransposon Is Conserved in the Genomes of Humans, Sheep, Mice, and Rats," Current Biology, vol 13 (Sept 2, 2003), 1518-23.
    • J.W. Thomas et al., "Comparative analyses of multi-species sequences from targeted genomic regions," Nature 424 (14 Aug 2003), Letters, 788-93.
    • Matthew P. Hare and Stephen R. Palumbi, "High Intron Sequence Conservation Across Three Mammalian Orders Suggests Functional Constraints," Molecular Biology and Evolution 20 (6), 969-78.
  • Gene Expression Analysis in Humans and Apes Shows Differences
    • Mazen W. Karaman et al., "Comparative Analysis of Gene-Expression Patterns in Human and African Great Ape Cultured Fibroblasts," Genome Research 13 (2003), 1619-30.
  • Frequency of Martian Tornados Demonstrates Earth's Just-Right Position
    • Matthew R. Balme, Patrick L. Whelley, and Ronald Greeley, “Mars: Dust Devil Track Survey in Argyre Planitia and Hellas Basin," Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (E8), 5086, doi:10.1029/2003JE002096, 2003.
    • Anthony D. Toigo et al., “Numerical Simulation of Martian Dust Devils,” Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (E6), 5047, doi:10.1029/2002JE002002, 2003.
    • Ronald Greeley et al., “Martian Dust Devils: Laboratory Simulations of Particle Threshold,” Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (E5), 5041, doi:10.1029/2002JE001987, 2003.
    • Conway B. Leovy, “The Devil Is in the Dust,” Nature 424 (2003), 1008-09.
      • Resources
        • Anthropic Principle: A Precise Plan for Humanity
        • Journey Toward Creation
        • The Creator and the Cosmos
• Philosophical/Theological Segment
  • Worldview Analysis of Premodernism
    • Kenneth Samples teaches, "A Classical Christian Response to the Post-Christian Age"
    • Stanley Jaki, The Savior of Science
• Call-in Questions
  • Daniel from Houston asks: Could Earth be millions (not billions) of years old?
    • Resources
      • The Genesis Question
      • Big Bang - The Bible Taught It First!
      • A Precise Plan for Humanity
  • Bill from S. Dakota asks: Can you define falsifiability?
  • Morgan from TN asks: Was Adam created to be vegetarian?
    • Resource: Life and Death in Eden (cassette or CD)
  • Mark from Milwaukee asks: Is Mars perihelion evidence for design?

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Gamma-Ray Bursts Provide Measuring Stick for Star Formation Events
    • P. Meszaros and M.J. Rees, "Gamma-Ray Bursts as X-Ray Depth Gauges of the Universe," Astrophysical Journal Letters 591 (2003), L91-L94.
      • Resources
        • Journey Toward Creation, DVD
        • Creator and the Cosmos
  • Parasites Trace Origin and Spread of Humanity
    • Maggie Fox, "'Lousy' Study Shows Clothing 70,000 Years Old," Reuters, Aug 18, 2003
    • John Whitfield, "Lice Genes Date First Human Clothes," Nature Science Update, 20 August 2003
    • Ralf Kittler et al., "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing," Current Biology Vol.13, 1414-17.
    • Angelo Pavesi, "African Origin of Polyomavirus JC and Implications for Prehistoric Human Migrations," Journal of Molecular Evolution (2003) 56, 564-72.
  • Large Spiral Galaxy Formation Rare
    • Mario G. Abadi et al., "Simmulations of Galaxy Formation in a Λ Cold Dark Matter Universe. I. Dynamical and Photometric Properties of Simulated Disk Galaxy," Astrophysical Journal 591 (2003), 499-514
      • Resources
        • Hugh Ross, "A Precise Plan for Humanity," Facts for Faith 8 (Q1 2002)
        • Creator and the Cosmos
    • Ivo Labbe, "Large Disklike Galaxies at High Redshift," Astrophysical Journal Letters 591 (2003), L95-L98
      • Resource
        • Journey Toward Creation, DVD
• Philosophical/Theological Segment
  • How can Christian parents respond to ideas that represent a "Post-Christian Age" in the public schools?
    • Resources: E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs To Know,
    • Core Knowledge Web site
    • Kenneth Samples' Class, "A Classical Christian Response to the Post-Christian Age"
• Call-in Question
  • Kevin from Nashville asks: Is there any evidence from paleoclimatology for the flood?
    • Resource
      • The Genesis Question
• E-mail Question
  • Kirsten, a homeschooling mom, asks for resource recommendations and for RTB's opinion on book, Show Me God
    • Resources
      • See RTB's Web store special, The "Back To School" Pack
  • Morgan from Tennessee asks to clarify use of "phenomenal" language in the Bible in regard to a friend's assertion that the Bible teaches a geocentric universe.
    • Resources
      • Exegetical Fallacies
      • Playing With Fire

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Implications of Mars' Proximity to Earth
    • Joanne Baker, "All Eyes On Red Planet," Nature Science Update (8-26-03)
    • Hugh Ross, "Life on Mars as Proof of Evolution?" Facts & Faith vol. 2, no. 3 (Fall 1988).
  • Explanation for Human Tails
    • Dao AH, Netsky MG, "Human Tails and Pseudotails" (Abstract), NCBI 1984 May 15 (5): 449-53.
    • Ronald A. Bergman et al., "Persistence of the Tail," Virtual Hospital.
• Philosophical/Theological Segment
  • Do apologetic arguments alone create faith?
• E-mail Question
  • Fred asks: Does a recent study on horse species provide fossil evidence for transitional forms?
    • Resource: The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
• Call-in Questions
  • Jeff from Pennsylvania asks: What are theistic implications for multiverse theory?
    • Resource: Creator and the Cosmos, 3d ed., by Hugh Ross
  • Bill from South Dakota asks: Why would God call for animal sacrifice immediately after the Fall if there was no animal death before the Fall?
    • Resource: Life and Death In Eden, by RTB scholars
  • Matt from Atlanta: What are the geochronometers D. James Kennedy uses for his position on the age of the earth?
    • Resource: Creation and Time, by Hugh Ross
  • Ian from Southern California asks: How do you reconcile bronze/iron ages with biblical chronology (Tubal-Cain in Genesis 4 said to be forger of bronze/iron tools)? He also comments on death before the Fall.
  • Mike from Beaverton, OR, asks: Does scientific evidence lead to a better case for evolution or creation?
  • Jeff from Portland has a comment/question on why compelling evidence doesn't cause some people to place faith in the character of the God of the Bible.
  • Chris from North Carolina asks a follow-up question on human tails.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Putting the “6 degrees of separation” theory to the test
    • Peter Sheridan Dodds, Roby Muhamad, and Duncan J. Watts, “An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks,” Science 301 (2003), 827-829.
    • Mark Granovetter, “Ignorance, Knowledge, and Outcomes in a Small World,” Science 301 (2003), 771-772.
  • Comets in the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt
    • S. Alan Stern, “The Evolution of Comets in the Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt,” Nature 424 (2003), 639-642.
    • Luke Dones et al., “Simulations of the Formation of the Oort Cloud,” submitted to Icarus (2003).
  • Minimum genome size for photosynthetic bacteria
    • Alexis Dufresne, et al., “Genome Sequence of the Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, A Nearly Minimal Oxyphototrophic Genome,” PNAS, USA 100(2003), 10020-10025.
    • Donald A. Bryant, “The Beauty in Small Things Revealed,” PNAS, USA 100(2003), 9647-9649.
• Call-In Questions
  • Bill in Bath, SD: Could Hugh talk more about his idea regarding the physics of sin?
    • We did a lengthy discussion about the physics of sin on a previous episode of Creation Update (airdate 06-04-02).
    • Also mentioned: The Physics of Sin, by Hugh Ross and Beyond the Cosmos, by Hugh Ross
  • Allen in LaPuente, CA: What is the significance of black holes for the design of galaxies?
    • Journey Toward Creation, 2nd edition
    • The Creator and the Cosmos, by Hugh Ross
  • Morgan in TN wanted to ask Hugh’s opinion of the book, Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History. He also wanted to ask about the “leviathan” mentioned in Job.
    • The Genesis Question, by Hugh Ross
  • Chris in North Carolina: Are human “tails” evidence for evolution?
  • Ben in Nashville, TN: What do Ken and Hugh think about “preterism”?
    • Books mentioned:
      • The Last Days According to Jesus, by R.C. Sproul
      • A Commentary on the Revelation of John, by G.E. Ladd
      • A Case for Amillenialism, by Kim Riddlebarger
  • Todd in Dallas, TX: What kinds of tools did pre-human hominids use? Wanted Fuz to comment on a documentary on human origins which showed tools in a S. African cave dating back 75,000 years ago.
    • We talked extensively about this discovery on a previous episode of Creation Update (airdate 01-15-2002).
    • Christopher S. Henshilwood et al., "Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa," Science Express (2002).
    • Christopher S. Henshilwood et al., "An Early Bone Tool Industry from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa: Implications for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior, Symbolism and Language," Journal of Human Evolution 41 (2001), 631-678.
• Email Questions
  • William wanted to know: Were there seasons before the fall of man?
  • Kenny in Milton, FL sent in some follow up comments about the “leviathan” in Job 40.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Multipotent stem cells — Do they exist?
    • Xin Wang, Holger Willenbring, et al., “Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes,” Nature 422 (April 24, 2003), 897-901.
    • George Vassilopoulos, Pei-Rong and David W. Russell, “Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion,” Nature 422 (April 24, 2003), 901-904.
    • Alexander Medvinsky and Austin Smith, “Fusion brings down barriers,” Nature 422 (April 24, 2003), 823-825.
  • Stem cells from lost baby teeth
    • Masako Miura, et al., “SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth,” PNAS USA 100 (May 13, 2003), 5807-5812.
  • Tumorgenic stem cells
    • Kazutoshi Takahashi, Kaoru Mitsui and Shinya Yamanaka, “Role of ERas in promoting tumour-like properties in mouse embryonic stem cells,” Nature 423 (May 29, 2003), 541-545.
  • Xenotransplantation – pig organs in humans
    • Thomas A. Ericsson, et al., “Identification of receptors for pig endogenous retrovirus,” PNAS USA 100 (May 27, 2003), 6759-6764.
  • Genetic screening
    • Helen Pearson, “Sperm screened before injection,” Nature Science Update (August 11, 2003), accessed online.
  • Sexual dimorphism in bi-pedal primates
    • Clark Spencer Larsen, “Equality for the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and social behavior,” PNAS USA 100 (August 5, 2003), 9103-9104. Philip L. Reno, Richard S. Meindl, Melanie A. McCollum, and C. Owen Lovejoy, “Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans,” PNAS USA 100 (August 5, 2003), 9404-9409.
  • Sloth — Advances in DNA extraction
    • Hendrik Poinar, Melanie Kuch, Gregory McDonald, Paul Martin and Svante Pååbo, “Nuclear Gene Sequences from a Late Pleistocene Sloth Coprolite,” Current Biology 13 (July 1, 2003), 1150-1152.
• Call-In Questions
  • Ron in Kansas City: Have any organisms been discovered that don’t have DNA?
  • Keith in Washington: Who was to blame for Jesus’ death?
  • Morgan in TN: Does the Bible really teach “creation ex nihilo”?
• Email Questions
  • Les in Chester, NH: What are the ethical issues involved in human cloning for reproductive purposes?
  • Rob wanted to know: What resources can you recommend about Egyptian culture around the time of the Exodus? A listener suggested a couple of magazines that may be of interest: Biblical Archeology Review and Archeological Odyssey.

• Discoveries Discussed
  • Planetary orbits and Extinction events
    • F. Varadi, B. Runnegar, and M. Ghil, “Successive Refinements in Long-Term Integration of Planetary Orbits,” The Astrophysical Journal 592 (2003), 620-630.
  • Carbon “problem” -- Solved
    • Hans Kepler, Michael Wiedenbeck, and Svyatoslav S. Shcheka, “Carbon Solubility in Olivine and the Mode of Carbon Storage in the Earth’s Mantle,” Nature 424 (2003), 414-416.
    • For more on carbon and extinction events: Rare Earth, by Brownlee and Ward
• Call-In Questions
  • Jim in Lusby, MD: Had some follow-up comm