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Does Naturalism Better Explain Hoaxes?

The recent Bigfoot hoax garnered enough public attention to warrant comment all over the Internet. A fascinating article titled, "Monsters, Ghosts and Gods: Why We Believe," cited several experts and their research in an attempt to explain why people believe in the paranormal (psychics, witches, telepathy, channeling) and in such creatures as the Sasquatch, Loch Ness Monster, or even the chupacabra.

Their analysis can be summarized by one comment: "Many people quite simply just want to believe."

One might expect that a good dose of education will cure the tendency. Not necessarily, according to study team member Rod Stark:

Perhaps amazingly, [paranormal beliefs] are not related at all to education. Ph.D.s are as likely as high school dropouts to believe in Bigfoot, Loch Ness Monster, ghosts, etc."

Given that Christians believe in the supernatural, are they susceptible to paranormal beliefs? Baylor University sociologist Carson Mencken, whose national survey results will be published in 2009, said:

Among Christians, those who attend church very often (and are exposed to stigma and sacrifice within their congregations) are least likely to believe in the paranormal. Conversely, those Christians who do not attend church very often (maybe once or twice a year) are the most likely to hold paranormal beliefs.

Mencken also noted that naturalists do not believe in the paranormal because they don't believe in the supernatural. That brings to mind a question: Is naturalism the simplest—and therefore best—explanation for the paranormal? Occam's razor, which is considered a rule of thumb by which to analyze scientific theories, can be paraphrased as "All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best."

Could a naturalist tell a Christian something to this effect?

Look, you believe in the supernatural so you have angels and demons in your theology. You may not believe in psychics or telepathy, but you have to sort these out one by one. I, on the other hand, can dismiss all belief in the paranormal or in fictional creatures as superstition that emerged during our evolution. My system is the simpler one, and therefore the most likely to hold scientific rigor.

What do you think?

Comments

Jonathan, The debate on

Jonathan,

The debate on singularity may have something to do with the debate about General Relativity. But GR is increasingly becoming the best supported scientific theory. This is why string theory is posited as a way of explaining the Singularity. (see Brian Green's Elegant Universe)

You are right .. LHC will (hopefully) shed some light on these debates.

But that still leaves us with the basic premise that a well designed universe created by a Loving, Personal Creator is there for us persons to contemplate, live in and enjoy.

What was the intention of this Creator? What should be our attitude toward this Creator?

These are also questions to contemplate. But we don't need the Phd in Theoretical Physics for that.

clifford g said, "That in

clifford g said, "That in turn means creation at Singularity is a fact and cosmological fine tuning by a Creator is a fact."

While I agree with idea of a singularity and that a Creator is the cause, I must also say that there is still much debate in the scientific community about a singularity. The Hawking/Hartle view of an "unbounded universe" is testament to this. However, this theory also has many flaws as well. I am currently reading "New Theories of Everything" by John D. Barrow an English Physicist from Cambridge, who seems to be very objective as he lays out his ideas regarding the various cosmological theories. Such as if we will ever be able to find a "Theory of Everything," and even if we were able to find such a theory, it may not necessarily tell us all that we "hope" to find. It is all very interesting!! I am personally excited about what we might find when the Large Hadron Collider starts running its experiments in the next couple of months!!

Luke, I agree with your

Luke,

I agree with your psychological assessment, there are even studies that suggest that this may lie at the genetic level. In other words a "Religion gene." Check this article: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7147

However, with regards to the UFO phenomena while something like 95% of all so-called sightings can be explained, it is these "rUFOs" that are of interest. Not just in the fact that they are unexplainable, or supposedly unexplainable, but the fact that a growing number of credible witnesses are coming out. Consider the names on this site: http://www.wanttoknow.info/ufocover-up10pg And so you know there are many more: -Former CIA Director R.H. Hillenkoetter -Admiral Lord Hill-Norton, was from 1971 to 1973 the supreme commander of the Britain's armed forces -several Astronauts, and Cosmonauts and on and on...

Vera, Joe may be referring

Vera,

Joe may be referring to my callous partisan comments about RTB and Discovery Institute.

Jonathan, First off ..

Jonathan,

First off .. thanks for that NYT link .. excellent article and illustration! In my previous post, the question about God creating or allowing us to find aliens ... and then humans ending up worshipping them .. I was simply asking a question, not putting forward an argument. The response depends on what your conception of God would be.

We don't worship angels because they don't hang around us so we can see them. However, ET would be detected by our senses and everyone will be able to see them (at least vicariously). What I meant by worship is not directly worshipping the ETs but rather taking our eyes off God.

People in emotional distress or taking drugs and adolescents experiencing puberty are supposedly susceptible to visions that may be interpreted to include angels or demons. Most of the mythology surrounding this issue comes to us from a time when there was no electric lighting so darkness could not be readily banished with focussed unwavering illumination. The play of shadows can mislead even the most rational individuals. Today's Western societies obsess with providing adequate lighting for urban areas (Russian AirForce pilots use to admire the Western European cities "lit up like Christmas trees"). The Sasquatch, Loch Ness monsters etc are supposedly found in rural areas.

Jonathan, ... the major discovery in physics in the 20th century was Einstein's General & Special relativity. Every other discovery was simply buttressing this theory (ex. BigBang). In the example you cited, the theory was discovered by Einstein in 1915, and now the implications of that theory are being worked out. Questions about dark matter, dark energy etc. are essentially bookkeeping activities for General Relativity. If General Relativity holds, then dark energy should not change with time.

That in turn means creation at Singularity is a fact and cosmological fine tuning by a Creator is a fact.

About Josephus ...

According to Wikipedia (yes I am lazy), the fact that he made reference to Jesus is not in doubt. What is in doubt is the changes made to these references in copies of his writings.

Joe, If you don't agree

Joe,

If you don't agree with something we've said, don't be afraid, at least on my part, to tell us what it is. I would love to hear your point of view.

Vera

This would be a good place

This would be a good place to have a psychologist comment.

It seems to me that man (in general) has a fascination with the sensational, or the out-of-the-ordinary. We normally don't see monsters, UFOs, or even rhinos in our back yards. When a report of any of these comes around, people are drawn to it (whether it is real- the rhino or not- UFO).

There are also people who have the desire to fascinate people with the out-of-the-ordinary and crave the attention that comes with it. Look at magicians, movies (Transformers) and the creators of UFO hoaxes (magicians in their own right).

The need to escape reality and the need for attention seem to compliment one another. The question is, "Where do these needs come from?"

I would like to pose that they may be psychological (not in a negative context). If that is true, then the question would be, "Does naturalism better explain the psyche?"

Clifford g. says, "There may

Clifford g. says, "There may be no contradiction in God creating other ‘persons’ in other parts of the universe. But it’s doubtful He would do that or allow us to find them because IF we do find them, we may start to idolize them, we may start worshipping the creature rather than the Creator. Would our Creator want that to happen?"

The Creator would not want us to do that, however this is not a legitimate argument. All this means is that we would need to get over the fact that some other being is more advanced. We would need to expand our understanding of things. Not to mention some of us already idolize and worship celebrities and others. Furthermore, I would assume that you would believe in angels and demons (as do I but I call them something else). Angels are more advanced then we are with the supposed exception that they have no free will. They can fly, manifest themselves from the invisible, have extraordinary strength etc., but we do not worship them. Nor is there any evidence that would suggest that these hypothetical (ETs)beings would desire us to worship them. Do we as advanced beings(compared to all life) desire to be worshipped by other life on the planet (excluding your typical egoist)? We would, however, be able to learn from an advanced civilization, much the same way a child learns from their elders, yet no idolization or worship is needed.

"Many famous scientists appear to have come to the conclusion that we are indeed at the end of major discoveries in science. We are now in the Age of Mastery."

On the contrary, many scientists believe otherwise. John Horgan's ideas ,while important to look at, represent only one viewpoint of the scientific community. Take dark matter for example. We know next to nothing about it yet with further theory and observation we will "discover" many new things about the existence of reality. Consider the following quote from Ed Witten of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study: "It could still turn out that dark energy is some as-yet-undiscovered “fifth force,” say, or the result of not understanding gravity." and "Both alternatives to the constant — some weird energy field in space, or a modification to Einstein’s theory of gravity — could vary wildly over the course of history."-http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/science/03dark.html?_r=1&8dpc&oref=slogin

The idea of whether or not we humans are intelligent enough to understand the quantum theory, or find a "Theory of Everything" have been brought up. However, the idea of whether or not we humans might be able to do anything has always been an issue, and time and time again has been overturned. This ties into whether or not we will ever be able to learn or discover everything, which is precisely the argument made by Godel's Incompleteness Theorems. There is still debate over Godel's ideas.

Vera says, "God Almighty in Jesus Christ. Do we have other accounts that He existed? Yes, Josephus."

I might add that the religious community is usually the only one that considers Josephus as a credible source. His work is debunked, in the eyes of many, and there are many arguments against the reliability of those documents. Even some in the religious community do not rely on Josephus, because they know that that the documents lacks credibility.

Just to reiterate: The

Just to reiterate: The comments posted here do not reflect the views of RTB nor of the author of this column.

Jonathan, God is a person.

Jonathan,

God is a person. We have a 'personal' relationship with God, our Creator. As descendents of Adam's fallen race, we cannot have a relationship with our Creator unless we, as individuals, humbly acknowledge that we are sinners and accept the sacrifice that Jesus (one of the 3 persons of God) made on the cross on our behalf.

If God is not a person, there is no requirement for Him to show love to us by sending His Son Jesus to die on the cross and there is no requirement for us to have a relationship with Him.

The Bible says God created us in His image, and that is the reason why we as 'persons' show love, volition, have morality, intelligence etc..

There may be no contradiction in God creating other 'persons' in other parts of the universe. But it's doubtful He would do that or allow us to find them because IF we do find them, we may start to idolize them, we may start worshipping the creature rather than the Creator. Would our Creator want that to happen?

Many famous scientists appear to have come to the conclusion that we are indeed at the end of major discoveries in science. We are now in the Age of Mastery.(see End of Science by John Horgan) So attributing supernatural causes to inexplicable phenomena makes some sense.

Oh, and Jonathan ... RTB uses Science correctly (thank God!). If you want to know Creationists using Science incorrectly check out Discovery Institute.

About this thread...

The miracles that Jesus performed, there is a certain mundane/humdrum quality to them. There is nothing flashy about these miracles. They have a direct transformative impact on the witnesses. Similarly Jesus performs miracles on believers today. But it is for the believer for his edification. It was almost as if Jesus was cautioning us not to get caught up in signs and wonders, and not believe anything that we cannot test. Jesus Himself said there will be no sign given to this generation except the sign of Jonah.

*Sometimes the belief in

*Sometimes the belief in curses crosses paths with religion, as was the case in 2005 when televangelist John Hagee (whose endorsement was solicited and received by presidential hopeful John McCain) blamed Hurricane Katrina on God's wrath for a gay parade that had been scheduled for the Monday of the storm's arrival.

"I believe that New Orleans had a level of sin that was offensive to God, and they are — were recipients of the judgment of God for that," Hagee said at the time, reiterating the belief in 2006.*

This was from the article you cited Monsters, Ghosts and Gods: What We Believe. My husband and a team of men from around the country were planning on preaching at the festival in New Orleans called Weekend of Decadence which is what John Hagee is referring to. Most people have no idea how grotesque the sexual activity becomes in these festivals around the country. Anyway, Hurricane Gustav put a damper on these plans and the festival was cancelled and thankfully, my husband was able to get home before the storm hit today.

I am not as well versed on statistics as Dr. Ross is and so I have a question. What are the odds that a major Category 3-5 hurricane would strike the same city on the same exact weekend when this festival occurred?

Vera

The biggest problem that I

The biggest problem that I have with RTB's evaluation of the rUFO phenomenon is that they wholehearted rely on the so-called impossibility of life existing elsewhere in the cosmos. They also attack the issue of space travel with the same argument of impossibility due to the constraints of the laws of physics. This is a rather bold statement because to say such a statement would infer that we actually know all there is to know about the laws of physics. It is a known fact that throughout history something that was considered to be impossible in one generation was in fact possible in the next generation. Take the issue of invisibility; this is an issue that has long thought to be impossible by scientists, yet due to recent discoveries every book on optics will have to be revised. Check these links for reference: http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/11/2330897.htm http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nature07247.html

My point is that while I am very much appreciative for much of the work done by RTB, I think they fall short in that they attribute a "supernatural" cause to anything that cannot be explained by today's understanding. This I think is premature and not good science. It is typical "God of the gap" argumentation. This is not to say that I do not believe in a "God"; on the contrary I consider myself a theist.

Larry said, "In my opinion, they are just replacing God with another ‘god’—-the god of ‘finding extra-terrestrial intelligent life’. As if that would really matter. Finding that life would in no way negate God’s existence."

While it is true that some may be replacing one type of god with another, I consider myself just an observer, not attaching any god-like attributes to any of it. I agree with the idea that finding such extra-terrestrial intelligent life would not negate the existence of a "God," but it does beg the question of whether or not the beings that call themselves gods are in fact these possible ETI beings? How would a primitive species know the difference? The Bible itself is full of UFO references and ETI beings. How many times was a prophet or other man taken up in the clouds in a vehicle? And can you say, "beam me up, Scotty!" Our own science can attest to the possibility of teleportation. Consider the following links: http://science.howstuffworks.com/teleportation1.htm http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7007/abs/nature02858.html and watch this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FqLCLooayM

I confess that anymore, I

I confess that anymore, I question just about everything and hold it up to examine it. Hugh Ross et al have opened up my husband's and my understanding of biblical truth by the admonition in 1 Thess 5:21, "Prove all things." Prior to this, I would say this is something we took for granted. Apart from understanding the natural, one cannot understand spiritual truth. For example, understanding that God created T-Rex to be fierce on purpose as opposed to T-Rex's fierceness being a part of the fall makes a world of difference in understanding the way our God thinks. Those who see this fierceness as an accident assume that God is all loving. Since God's attributes are evidenced in nature, this makes this understanding extremely important in terms of understanding the message. That is just one small example. Lies and truths are like chain reactions leading from one assumption to the next.

1 John 4:1 says, "Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world."

The word try means to test. When "naturalists" ask me about Santa Clause, the Easter Bunny, or any number of things that are apparently make believe that people have believed in, I simply take them down a testing of the spirit. To me Occam's Razor would lead us to believe in Santa if we didn't step back and try the spirit.

I thought what Hugh Ross said in his book Creation as Science about the supernatural was excellent in terms of Transcendent and Transformational miracles. All in all though, I would say that it is my impression of God that He works supernaturally naturally. He takes the ordinary and makes it extraordinary. Jesus defying gravity by walking on the water is such an example. If our scientists were standing around Jesus, they might be able to see the mechanism by which God accomplished this through faith. There had to be a natural aspect of this miracle, and yet it is still a transcendent miracle even if you understood the mechanism by which it was accomplished. An example we can relate to is the healing of a leper. God Almighty would have the knowledge of how to kill that germ and restore the skin. As ones created in His image, we understand how this is done--just not instantaneously.

We can take the natural to prove the spiritual.

Santa Clause - Slowing down time for 24 hours should have some effect that we could measure. Do we see red lint particles after his visit or even the remains of a white beard or fur? If we locked a room on Christmas Eve and only provided the chimney as entrance and wished very hard for a toy, does it appear the next morning? No. Do parents confess that they pretend? Yes. Santa - manmade fiction

Loch Ness Monster

Do we have evidence in the form of any kind that such a creature exists other than a very fuzzy picture? No. Has anyone beside the portrayers of this story seen this animal? Should we have at least seen this animal more than once? If it died wouldn't the carcass wash up on shore?

Loch Ness Monster- manmade

God Almighty in Jesus Christ Do we have other accounts that He existed? Yes, Josephus. Do we who are called identify with what John Newton called Amazing Grace? I once was lost but now am found. Was blind but now I see? Yes. Are we experiencing "newness of life?" Yes. How many testimonies do we need where people independent of each other in language, situation, society, and economy express and give testimony that the blood of Jesus changed their lives ? Yes. How many people in a court of law does it take before they establish truth?

God's work in Jesus - Godmade and supernatural

2 Corinthians 1:12 For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in simplicity and Godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we have had our conversation in the world, and more abundantly to you-ward.

Vera

Christians who use a

Christians who use a balanced approach---using faith and reason---can easily deduce what is a 'hoax' and what is plausible. I've never believed in the 'Big Foot' stories and other obvious hoaxes or 'conspiracy' theories that seem to gain traction in some segments of society---like those who think we never landed on the Moon, or those who deny the holocaust took place---or those '9/11 truthers'.

Since they don't believe in supernatural, it's easy for naturalists to dismiss any strange, out of the ordinary occurence as a 'natural' event. Both theists and naturalists would probably agree on that occurence as being 'natural' about 98% of the time. But, that remaining 2% is where disagreement comes in.

The problem is that, as it is written in scripture, the 'natural man' views spiritual things as foolishness, since he cannot comprehend or appraise the supernatural. However, a spiritual individual can appraise both the natural and the supernatural. Since it is impossible for any person to have all knowledge, the naturalist hampers himself by only accepting naturalistic answers to every proposition. Once again, as it is written, God has revealed his handiwork in nature and in the universe at large. So, in the end, there can be no excuses for anyone saying, "I didn't know".

As for UFOs---what we call residual UFOs (maybe 2% of all UFO sightings), I come down on the side of RTB. Their views on that subject are just as plausible as accepting the supposition that they are 'space aliens' or 'inter-dimensional aliens'. I find it interesting that many naturalists discount the supernatural, but readily accept the notion of alien creatures piloting UFOs and/or expecting many alien races will eventually be found in the galaxy. In my opinion, they are just replacing God with another 'god'---the god of 'finding extra-terrestrial intelligent life'. As if that would really matter. Finding that life would in no way negate God's existence.

Philosophy of Science #1 If

Philosophy of Science #1

If you cannot sense it, then you cannot infer anything about it. Without such inferences, there is no way to make a general description of a phenomena. With no general description, one cannot deduce anything scientifically helpful from it. What then would be the point of devoting scientific argument to it?

This sounds like a modern naturalist's way of dealing with Santa Clause as well as God. Hoaxes are a waste of a scientist's time which could be better spent on something useful like solving the energy crisis.

Philosophy of Science #2

Suppose that sometimes there is a yet unsensed or even unsensable underlying mechanism to the things we can observe. Through careful logical consideration, as well as innovative experimentation it might be possible to root out this mechanism's existence and properties. Perhaps things like God are operating as one of these types of mechanisms. We should devote time to figure out how to investigate the possibility, because if God does exist it would be a mistake to miss out on such a discovery.

Here are two different views on how scientists should spend their time. Which philosophy would be best to dispel hoaxes? One that is at least willing to consider that difficult or impossible to observe underlying mechanisms can be a subject for science.

Arthur C. Clark's third of

Arthur C. Clark's third of his so-called "Three Laws" states: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. "

Of course you could just as easily replace the word magic with the "supernatural." Obviously this leads to the question of where or who is using this technology. Well, this question inevitably leads directly to the question of whether or not we are alone in the universe? While the scientific community has not found any evidence for such, this does not rule out the possibility. If I am not mistaken, RTB believes that UFO's are real, but that they are "supernatural" and like many of the religious, think that they are demons. I completely disagree!!


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