© 2002 Reasons To Believe

For physical life to be possible in the universe, several characteristics must take on specific values, and these are listed below.¹ In the case of several of these characteristics, and given the intricacy of their interrelationships, the indication of divine “fine tuning” seems incontrovertible.

1. Strong nuclear force constant
2. Weak nuclear force constant
3. Gravitational force constant
4. Electromagnetic force constant
5. Ratio of electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force constant
6. Ratio of proton to electron mass
7. Ratio of number of protons to number of electrons
8. Expansion rate of the universe
9. Mass density of the universe
10. Baryon (proton and neutron) density of the universe
11. Space energy density of the universe
12. Entropy level of the universe
13. Velocity of light
14. Age of the universe
15. Uniformity of radiation
16. Homogeneity of the universe
17. Average distance between galaxies
18. Average distance between stars
19. Average size and distribution of galaxy clusters
20. Fine structure constant
21. Decay rate of protons
22. Ground state energy level for helium-4
23. Carbon-12 to oxygen-16 nuclear energy level ratio
24. Decay rate for beryllium-8
25. Ratio of neutron mass to proton mass
26. Initial excess of nucleons over antinucleons
27. Polarity of the water molecule
28. Epoch for hypernova eruptions
29. Number and type of hypernova eruptions
30. Epoch for supernova eruptions
31. Number and types of supernova eruptions
32. Epoch for white dwarf binaries
33. Density of white dwarf binaries
34. Ratio of exotic matter to ordinary matter
35. Number of effective dimensions in the early universe
36. Number of effective dimensions in the present universe
37. Mass of the neutrino
38. Decay rates of exotic mass particles
39. Magnitude of big bang ripples
40. Size of the relativistic dilation factor
41. Magnitude of the Heisenberg uncertainty
42. Quantity of gas deposited into the deep intergalactic medium by the first supernovae
43. Positive nature of cosmic pressures
44. Positive nature of cosmic energy densities
45. Density of quasars
46. Decay rate of cold dark matter particles
47. relative abundances of different exotic mass particles

¹Most of the source references may be found in The Creator and the Cosmos, 3^rd edition by Hugh Ross (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001), pp. 145-157, 245-248. Additional references are listed below:

1. Weihsueh A. Chiu, Nickolay Y. Gneden and Jeremiah P. Ostriker, “The Expected Mass Function for Low-Mass Galaxies in a Cold Dark Matter Cosmology: Is There a Problem?” Astrophysical Journal, 563 (2001), pp. 21-27.
2. Martin Elvis, Massimo Marengo, and Margarita Karovska, “Smoking Quasars: A New Source for Cosmic Dust,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 567 (2002), pp. L107-L110.
3. Martin White and C. S. Kochanek, “Constraints on the Long-Range Properties of Gravity from Weak Gravitational Lensing,” Astrophysical Journal, 560 (2001), pp. 539-543.
4. P. P. Avelino and C. J. A. P. Martins, “A Supernova Brane Scan,” Astrophysical Journal, 565 (2002), pp. 661-667.
5. P. deBernardis, et al, “Multiple Peaks in the Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background: Significance and Consequences for Cosmology,” Astrophysical Journal, 564 (2002), pp. 559-566.
6. A. T. Lee, et al, “A High Spatial Resolution Analysis of the MAXIMA-1 Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Data,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 561 (2001), pp. L1-L5.
7. R. Stompor, et al, “Cosmological Implications of MAXIMA-1 High-Resolution Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Measurement,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 561 (2001), pp. L7-L10.
8. Andrew Watson, “Cosmic Ripples Confirm Universe Speeding Up,” Science, 295 (2002), pp. 2341-2343.
9. Anthony Aguirre, Joop Schaye, and Eliot Quataert, “Problems for Modified Newtonian Dynamics in Clusters and the Lya Forest?” Astrophysical Journal, 561 (2001), pp. 550-558.
10. Chris Blake and Jasper Wall, “A Velocity Dipole in the Distribution of Radio Galaxies,” Nature, 416 (2002), pp. 150-152.
11. G. Efstathiou, et al, “Evidence for a Non-Zero L and a Low Matter Density from a Combined Analysis of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 330 (2002), pp. L29-L35.
12. Susana J. Landau and Hector Vucetich, “Testing Theories That Predict Time Variation of Fundamental Constants, “ Astrophysical Journal, 570 (2002), pp. 463-469.
13. Renyue Cen, “Why Are There Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies?” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 549 (2001), pp. L195-L198.
14. Brandon Carter, "Energy Dominance and the Hawking Ellis Vacuum Conservation Theorem," (2002), arXiv:gr-qc/0205010 v1, 2 May 2002.